Agoraphobia Symptoms & Help | Agoraphobia Causes

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Agoraphobia is characterized by fear and avoidance of many types of situations that include crowds, wide-open spaces, or situations in which people feel exposed, vulnerable or trapped, such as shopping malls, grocery stores, theatres, sporting events, open spaces, line-ups, airports and bridges.

People with agoraphobia may develop severe avoidance and become unable to leave their safe place (home) or the company of safe people. Although agoraphobia is classified as a separate disorder, it most often develops in the context of panic disorder as people learn to fear that they will have a panic attack in specific situations. Panic disorder is characterized by the repeated experience of sudden and very intense feelings of fear, often experienced as terror. These panic attacks often seem to strike without warning or “out of the blue.”

Agoraphobia in the Context of Panic Disorder

People with panic disorder often can’t predict when an attack will happen. As a result, they frequently develop intense anxiety between episodes, as they worry about when and where their next panic attack will happen because it could be anytime or anywhere. At other times, people can predict when and where a panic attack will happen, and then they learn to fear and avoid those situations (which results in conditions such as agoraphobia).

The symptoms of a panic attack include:

Faintness, weakness or dizziness
Tightness in the chest
Feeling of being choked, tightness in the throat
Racing or pounding heart
Chest pain
Shortness of breath
Feeling of being smothered
Numbness or tingling
Feeling cold, hot or flushed
Sense of unreality or depersonalization
Fear of impending doom, loss of control

As a result of these intense symptoms, people experiencing a panic attack often believe that they are going to die from a heart attack or stroke, or that they are losing their mind. Panic attacks can happen at any time, even during sleep. People most often describe their attacks as having a sudden onset and peaking within ten minutes. However, others describe their attacks as building.

When people experience repeated, unexpected panic attacks, they start to expect them, and begin to avoid places and situations in which they have experienced them like, for example, going to the mall, going shopping, driving a car, riding in elevators, riding the subway, going to class and going to movies. When people start to avoid activities to an extent that it causes significant distress and impairment in their social and occupational functioning, they have developed agoraphobia.

Treating Agoraphobia

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is the most effective treatment for panic disorder, with or without agoraphobia. CBT is effective for 90% of people with panic disorder and early treatment can often stop the development of agoraphobia.

Panic attacks and panic disorder often occur along with other problems including depression, substance use and other types of anxiety problems. Additionally, the symptoms can be very similar to those of a heart attack, stroke or other medical problem, so it is important to consult your family doctor to rule out a physical cause for your symptoms. After that, a proper and thorough differential diagnostic assessment by a psychiatrist or psychologist is the first step towards effective treatment.

"Agoraphobia". A construction worker holds his helmet while sitting down against a wall, staring at the ground.

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Agoraphobia

Agoraphobia in the Context of Panic Disorder

Treating Agoraphobia

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